Public health, infection control, immunisation, screening
PPE removal in reverse: the item you put on last comes off first. Gloves go on last in most sequences — so they come off first. Mask always comes off after gloves and apron.
(1) Before patient contact (2) Before aseptic procedure (3) After body fluid exposure (4) After patient contact (5) After contact with patient surroundings. Hand hygiene is required even when wearing gloves.
Gloves → Apron → Mask/Eye protection → Hand hygiene. Remove most contaminated items first. Perform hand hygiene after each removal step.
Cervical: 25–64 · Breast: 50–70 · Bowel: 50–74 (FIT test) · AAA: men at 65 · Newborn bloodspot: 5 days · Newborn hearing: before discharge
Less than 14 units per week, spread over 3 or more days. 1 unit = 8g pure alcohol. A pint of 4% beer ≈ 2.3 units.
Score 8–15: simple advice · 16–19: brief counselling and referral · 20+: specialist referral. AUDIT-C is a 3-question rapid screen.
Income, employment, education, housing, environment. The Marmot Review (2010, updated 2020) identifies these as the root causes of health inequalities in England.
Standard precautions apply to all patients, always. Transmission precautions (contact, droplet, airborne) are added for specific pathogens.
MMR (12–13 months, then 3–4 years) · Meningococcal B (8 weeks) · HPV (12–13 years, boys and girls) · Annual flu (eligible groups) · COVID boosters (eligible groups)